Womens Reproductive Rights and the US Constitution

Limits on reproductive rights and decisions by women were mostly covered by state laws in the U.S. until the last half of the 20th century, when the Supreme Court began to decide court cases about bodily autonomy, pregnancy, birth control, and abortion access. The following key decisions in constitutional history concern womens control over their reproductive choices. 1965: Griswold v. Connecticut In Griswold v. Connecticut, the Supreme Court found a right to marital privacy in choosing to use birth control, invalidating state laws that prohibited the use of birth control by married persons. 1973: Roe v. Wade In the historic Roe v. Wade decision, the Supreme Court held that in the earlier months of pregnancy, a woman, in consultation with her doctor, could choose to have an abortion without legal restrictions, and could also make the choice with some restrictions later in pregnancy. The basis for the decision was the right to privacy, a right inferred from the Fourteenth Amendment. Doe v. Bolton was also decided that day, calling into question criminal abortion statutes. 1974: Geduldig v. Aiello Geduldig v. Aiello looked at a states disability insurance system which excluded temporary absences from work due to pregnancy, and found that normal pregnancies did not have to be covered by the system. 1976: Planned Parenthood v. Danforth The Supreme Court found that spousal consent laws for abortions (in this case, in the third trimester) were unconstitutional because the pregnant womans rights were more compelling than her husbands. The Court did uphold that regulations requiring the womans full and informed consent were constitutional. 1977: Beal v. Doe, Maher v. Roe, and Poelker v. Doe In these abortion cases, the Court found that states were not required to use public funds for elective abortions. 1980: Harris v. Mcrae The Supreme Court upheld the Hyde Amendment, which excluded Medicaid payments for all abortions, even those that were found to be medically necessary. 1983: Akron v. Akron Center for Reproductive Health, Planned Parenthood v. Ashcroft, and Simopoulos v. Virginia In these cases, the Court struck down state regulations designed to dissuade women from abortion, requiring physicians to give advice that the physician might not agree with. The Court also struck down a waiting period for informed consent and a requirement that abortions after the first trimester be performed in licensed acute-care hospitals. Simopoulos v. Virginia upheld limiting second-trimester abortions to licensed facilities. 1986: Thornburgh v. American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists The Court was asked by the American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists to issue an injunction on enforcement of a new anti-abortion law in Pennsylvania. The administration of President Reagan asked the Court to overturn Roe v. Wade in their decision. The Court upheld Roe based on womens rights, not based on physicians rights. 1989: Webster v. Reproductive Health Services In the case of Webster v. Reproductive Health Services, the Court upheld some limits on abortions, including: Prohibiting the involvement of public facilities and public employees in performing abortions except to save the life of the motherProhibiting counseling by public employees that might encourage abortionsRequiring viability tests on fetuses after the 20th week of pregnancy But the Court also stressed that it was not ruling on the Missouri statement about life beginning at conception, and was not overturning the essence of the Roe decision. 1992: Planned Parenthood of Southeastern Pennsylvania v. Casey In Planned Parenthood v. Casey, the Court upheld both the constitutional right to have an abortion as well as some restrictions, while still upholding the essence of Roe. The test on restrictions was moved from the heightened scrutiny standard established under Roe, and instead looked at whether a restriction put an undue burden on the mother. The court struck down a provision requiring spousal notice and upheld other restrictions. 2000: Stenberg v. Carhart The Supreme Court found a law making partial-birth abortion was unconstitutional, violating the Due Process Clause from the 5th and 14th Amendments. 2007: Gonzales v. Carhart The Supreme Court upheld the federal Partial-Birth Abortion Ban Act of 2003, applying the undue burden test.

Comparison of Wilfred Owens Poem, Dulce Et Decorum Est...

Poetry used as a tool to emphasize the hideous nature of warfare War is a horrible concept and it is also responsible for inspiring people, considering the intense feelings that they experience as a result of observing it and the suffering that it generates. A series of artists have gotten actively involved in providing the masses with a more complex understanding of warfare and, in contrast to war propaganda artwork, most of these respective individuals focused on condemning the practice by relating to its terrible consequences. Wilfred Owens poem Dulce et Decorum Est successfully appeals to peoples emotions and influences them to want to get actively involved in stopping warfare from happening. Denise Levertovs Life at War similarly provides an intriguing look concerning war and its disastrous effects. These individuals basically want people to understand that there is nothing glorious about warfare and that it mainly involves suffering, blood, and young lives being lost for absurd purposes. One of the most notable differences between these two poets is that Owen experienced war from a first person perspective and actually died as a result of his partake in the First World War. Even with the fact that Levertov did not experience warfare directly, she was well-acquainted with suffering resulting from war and thus had little to no problems writing in regard to it. Owens poem is certainly disturbing and this is primarily owed to the fact that the story that he

Impact of Emergent Virtual Leadership-Free-Samples for Students

Questions: 1.How Would you lead this team of International Employees and Friends? 2.Is Building " Community" Important in a Virtual world? If so, what would you do to promote a sense of Community among these team members? Answers: 1.Leading a virtual workforce that consists of people that do not work in the traditional office settings is a very difficult task. The leader manages people who are working at different places. This kind of workforce is known as virtual workforce and the leadership is known as virtual leadership. Earlier the concept of virtual leadership would have been beyond the understanding of traditional leaders. Now with the help of technology virtual leadership is no more a complex concept. Still there are certain challenges that are faced by the managers (Ziek and Smulowitz 2014). With the help of methods like telecommuting and virtual outsourcing people at remote location can be employed. Web conferencing and social networking are some techniques to communicate with the employees at different places across the globe. Leaders might face problems like cross cultural misunderstandings and timing issues. They can select a common language like English. Timing should be as per the convenience of most people. Building trust in the diverse employees is very important to lead the team (De Paoli 2015). 2.Yes, virtual world requires that people build communities. Communication is very important in these communities. Communication is the essence of these communities. If proper communication were not maintained then it would not be possible to manage the virtual community. Every community has a purpose and the purpose of the communities can be achieved if there is harmony between the members of the community. It is the only way to work towards achieving the goals. Improper channels might lead to crisis because people are staying at far places. Cross-cultural differences can be reduced with the help of communication. Coordinating with people of virtual community is very difficult. Knowledge sharing will become easier if a proper communication channel is maintained. In recent times, linked in, facebook, twitter, instagram are platforms that facilitates people to build communities (Schmidt 2014). If people are from different countries they can select these platforms to communicate among them. It can be said that communication is also the purpose of these virtual communities References De Paoli, D., 2015. Virtual organizations: a call for new leadership.Leadership in Spaces and Places, p.109. Schmidt, G.B., 2014. Virtual leadership: An important leadership context.Industrial and Organizational Psychology,7(2), pp.182-187. Ziek, P. and Smulowitz, S., 2014. The impact of emergent virtual leadership competencies on team effectiveness.Leadership Organization Development Journal,35(2), pp.106-120.